Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that slowly destroys memory, thinking skills, and the ability to carry out simple tasks. It is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for 60–80% of cases. While primarily affecting older adults, it is not a normal part of the ageing process.

​

Causes of Alzheimer’s Disease

The exact cause of Alzheimer’s is not fully understood, but researchers believe it develops due to a complex interplay of factors:

• Genetics: A family history of Alzheimer’s increases risk. The APOE-e4 gene variant is linked to a higher chance of late-onset Alzheimer's.

• Age: Risk increases significantly after age 65.

• Abnormal Protein Accumulation: Buildup of amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain interferes with neuron function and triggers cell death.

• Lifestyle and Heart Health: Poor cardiovascular health (e.g., high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity) can contribute.

• Environmental Factors: Chronic stress, exposure to toxins, or traumatic brain injury may also play a role.

​

Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s symptoms typically appear gradually and worsen over time

Early-Stage Symptoms:

• Memory loss affecting daily life (e.g., repeating questions)

• Difficulty organizing or solving problems

• Trouble remembering names or recent events

• Misplacing items and being unable to retrace steps

 

Moderate-Stage Symptoms:

• Increased confusion and disorientation

• Mood changes, anxiety, or depression

• Sleep disturbances

• Trouble with language and reading

• Difficulty recognizing family and friends

​

Late-Stage Symptoms:

• Inability to communicate

• Loss of physical abilities (walking, swallowing)

• Dependence on others for care

• Severe memory loss

 

Diagnosis

Alzheimer’s is diagnosed through:

• Cognitive tests (e.g., MMSE, MoCA)

• Neurological exams

• Brain imaging (MRI, CT scans, PET scans)

• Blood tests to rule out other causes

• Biomarker testing (e.g., amyloid and tau levels)

​​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​​

​

 

 

 

Treatment Options

​

While there is no cure for Alzheimer’s, treatments can help manage symptoms

Medications:

• Cholinesterase inhibitors (Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine): Enhance communication between nerve cells.

• NMDA receptor antagonists (Memantine): Regulate glutamate and support learning/memory.

• Leqembi (lecanemab): FDA-approved monoclonal antibody that targets amyloid plaques (for early-stage).

• Antidepressants and antipsychotics: For mood or behavioral issues.

​

​Lifestyle Strategies for Living Better with Alzheimer’s

​People living with Alzheimer’s can still maintain their quality of life by focusing on these strategies

 

1. Structured Daily Routine

• Keep a regular schedule for meals, activities, and rest.

• Label rooms and items to reduce confusion.

2. Physical Activity

• Regular walks or gentle exercise improve blood flow and mood.

• Tai chi and yoga promote balance and mental clarity.

3. Mental Stimulation

• Activities such as puzzles, reading, or music therapy can preserve cognitive functions.

• Reminiscence therapy (looking through photos or old memories) is helpful.

4. Social Engagement

• Staying connected with friends and family can reduce isolation and depression.

5. Safe Environment

• Remove tripping hazards, install grab bars, and use tracking devices if necessary.

 

Supplements That May Support Brain Health

​While no supplement can cure Alzheimer’s, some may support brain function or slow progression. Always consult a healthcare provider first.

• Omega-3 fatty acids (from fish oil): May reduce inflammation and support neuron membranes.

• Vitamin E: Acts as an antioxidant; may delay functional decline in moderate Alzheimer’s (watch for bleeding risk at high doses).

• Vitamin D Deficiency is linked with cognitive decline.

• Ginkgo Biloba: Some evidence suggests improved memory, though results are mixed.

• Curcumin (from turmeric): May help reduce amyloid plaques and inflammation.

• CoQ10: Supports mitochondrial function and may help cognitive performance.

 

Tips for Caregivers and Loved Ones

Caring for someone with Alzheimer’s requires patience, empathy, and adaptability:

1. Communicate Clearly

• Use short, simple sentences.

• Maintain eye contact and speak slowly.

• Avoid correcting or arguing; redirect gently.

2. Promote Independence

• Allow the person to do as much as possible.

• Use visual aids and written reminders.

3. Be Prepared for Behavioural Changes

• Understand that aggression, wandering, or fear can be part of the disease.

• Stay calm and respond with reassurance.

4. Take Care of Yourself

• Seek respite care or support groups.

• Maintain your own health and emotional well-being.

• Know it’s okay to ask for help.​​

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Outlook

Alzheimer’s disease is a challenging condition, but with a combination of medical treatment, healthy lifestyle changes, cognitive support, and compassionate caregiving, those affected can still lead meaningful lives. Understanding the disease and staying informed are powerful tools in managing both its impact and progression.​​​​​​​​

 

References

​

​

​

 

 

 

 

​